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Laws pretaining to Jews passed by Frederick William II shortly before his death, which was in some respects more progressive than previous laws. His early death and the conservative nature of his son, Frederick William III, disrupted all reformatory activity until Napoleon's defeat of Prussia at Jena (1806), when far-reaching reforms were carried out under the leadership of Karl August von Hardenberg and Wilhelm von Humboldt. In 1808 municipal citizenship and offices were opened to all, irrespective of religion.