Austria annexed Trieste in 1382 and didn’t relinquish it to Italy until after World War I, but the city remained culturally Italian all along. Jews may have lived in Trieste as early as the 11th century and certainly from the 14th, although the kehillah was not formally organized until 1746. In the interest of maximal development of the port, the monarchy was lax in Trieste of its customary Jewish repression because Jews were presumed to promote the port’s trade and growth potential. Lacking synagogue and legal recognition, the small Ashkenazic Jewish community held services in a private home from the 15th century. When Vienna decreed a ghetto in 1693, the 60 Jews in a city of 3,000 bravely protested the ghetto location and held out until 1696 when they reluctantly gave up the struggle under heavy pressure and moved to the assigned ghetto houses. Wealthier Jews spilled out of the ghetto even before it was abolished by decree in 1764. After the ghetto gates came down in 1785, the Jewish population spread throughout the city and grew rapidly to 2,000 in 1811. One of Jewish Trieste's most illustrious sons, Rabbi Professor Samuel David Luzzatto, (1800-1865) known as the Shadal, was a philosopher, poet, Bible scholar and translator. He directed the newly established rabbinical seminary, Collegio Rabbinico in Padua. His scholarship combined the deep erudition of the medieval rabbis with the newer trends in Judaic scholarship emanating from the enlightened Haskalah circles of northern Europe. He was a master of Hebrew philology and translated the Bible into Italian. His literary circle included Hebrew poets, such as his cousin Rachel Morpurgo - whose sonnets, elegies and wedding poems in the style of the Spanish Hebrew religious poets and the Italian Renaissance related mostly to family and biographical incidents.