R. Benamozegh was born at Livorno. His father (Abraham) and mother (Clara), natives of Fez, Morocco, died when Elijah was only four years old. He early entered school, where, besides instruction in the elementary sciences, he received tuition in Hebrew, English, and French, excelling in the last-named language. Benamozegh devoted himself later to the study of philosophy and theology, which he endeavored to reconcile with each other. At the age of twenty-five he entered upon a commercial career, spending all his leisure in study; but his natural tendency toward science and an active religious life soon caused him to abandon the pursuit of wealth. He then began to publish scientific and apologetic works, in which he revealed a great at tachment to the Jewish religion, exhibiting at the same time a broad and liberal mind. His solicitude for Jewish traditions caused him to defend even the much-decried Kabbalah. Later, Benamozegh was appointed rabbi and professor of theology at the rabbinical school of his native town; and, notwithstanding his other occupations from that time, he continued to defend Jewish traditions by his pen until his death, at Livorno. David Castelli (1836–1901) was an Italian scholar. Castelli was born at Leghorn, and was educated at the rabbinical college of Leghorn, and from 1857 to 1863 was teacher of Hebrew and Italian in the Jewish schools of that city; then he became secretary of the Jewish congregation in Pisa, where at the same time he was a private teacher. From Jan., 1876, until his death he occupied the chair of Hebrew at the Istituto di Studi Superiori Pratici e di Perfezionamento (Institute of Higher Studies) in Florence. In that position Castelli taught Hebrew and introduced higher biblical criticism, which was developing in Germany and in Italy. Of Castelli's numerous works and essays the following may be mentioned: "L'Ecclesiaste, Traduzione e Studio Critico," Pisa, 1866; "Leggende Talmudiche, Traduzione con Prefazione Critica," ib. 1869; "Il Messia Secondo gli Ebrei," Florence, 1874; "Il Diritto di Testare nella Legislazione Ebraica," ib. 1878; "Della Poesia Biblica," ib. 1878; "Il Commento di Sabbatai Donnolo al Libro della Creazione, Testo Ebraico con Note Critiche e Introduzione in Ebraico e in Italiano," ib. 1880, in "Pubblicazioni del Regio Istituto di Studi Superiori "; "La Profezia nella Biblia," ib. 1882; "La Legge del Popolo Ebreo nel suo Storico Svolgimento," ib. 1884; "Storia degli Israeliti Secondo le Fonti Bibliche Criticamente Esposte," 2 vols., Milan, 1887-88; "Il Cantico dei Cantici, Studio Esegetico, Traduzione e Note," Florence, 1892; "Ammaestramenti del Vecchio e del Nuovo Testamento, Raccolti e Tradotti," ib. 1896; "Il Poema Semitico del Pessimismo (Il Libro di Job), Tradotto e Commentato," ib. 1897; "Gli Ebrei, Sunto di Storia Politica e Letteraria," ib. 1899.S.