Jews served voluntarily in the Austrian Army prior to Joseph II. In 1782 Joseph II granted civic rights to the Jews ("Toleranzpatent") and six years later Jews were declared fit for military service. The right was at first restricted to serving in the supply corps in the province of Galicia where most Jews lived. Later Jews were allowed to serve in all branches of the Hapsburg army. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1792–1813) many Jews served in the Austro-Hungarian army. Some were allowed to become officers. In 1818 Jews were officially accepted as officers even in the conservative cavalry regiments. The comparatively generous treatment of Jews in the Austro-Hungarian army led many Jews to take up a military career, especially as certain other professions were closed to them. In 1855 there were 157 Jewish officers in the Hapsburg army, many in the medical corps. By 1893 this number had risen to 2,179 or 8% of all the officers in the Hapsburg army. In 1893 Austria-Hungary had 40,344 of her Jewish citizens enrolled in all branches of her Army .